The origins of San Casciano date back to 11th-century documents, which indicated the presence of a castle near the parish church that belonged to the powerful Pisan Lanfranchi family.
The current locality along the Arno River, besides boasting the splendid Romanesque parish church of Sts. Casciano and John the Baptist, has several farm-villas, now privately owned, such as Villa Zalum formerly Villa Lanfranchi as recalled by the coat of arms at the entrance, Villa Ollandini in Barbaiano documented since the 10th century, or the Villa of the Four Seasons statues that owes its name to the red terracotta sculptures adorning the upper façade.
The Romanesque parish church is chronologically the second to be built in this area after the one in Cascina. In 1180, the Lanfranchi family commissioned Biduino, an architect and sculptor of the nascent Romanesque-Pisan school that was imposing itself on the Italian artistic scene, to renovate the ancient parish church. The artist transformed the church into the most significant work of medieval religious architecture in the Maritime Republic (except, of course, Pisa) thanks to the richness and decoration of the friezes. We do not know what the original bell tower looked like. The one built in the Baroque period fell down in the late 19th century, while the new one was pulled down by the retreating Nazis. The present bell tower is of recent construction.